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Article History

Received: 19 May 2025

Accepted: 27 November 2025

First Online: 7 December 2025

Declarations

:

: All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the institutional guidelines and received approval from The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. Upon reaching the designated endpoint, mice were euthanized via cervical dislocation, and tissue collection was performed post-mortem. All animal experiments conformed to the Guidelines from Directive 2010/63 EU of the European Parliament on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes of the National Institutes of Health guidelines.The HF samples were obtained from myocardial tissues of end-stage HF patients undergoing cardiac transplantation surgery, while the control samples were collected from pathologically negative myocardial tissues during cardiac biopsy. Written informed consent was obtained from all the patients, and this study was approved by the institutional review board of Ruijin Hospital (Ethics Committee reference number: 2016–019) and conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.