Document is current

Article History

Received: 9 September 2025

Accepted: 2 December 2025

First Online: 7 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The Global Burden of Disease Study is a global collaborative scientific effort. We did not consider involving patients when designing the study because we used secondary data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, and the research question was not directly relevant to environmental heat and cold exposure management for patients. No patients were involved in setting the specific research question, collecting and analyzing the data, interpreting the results, or writing up the manuscript. The Institutional Review Board of the China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University determined that the study did not need ethics approval because it used publicly available data.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.