Document is current

Article History

Received: 9 June 2025

Accepted: 22 December 2025

First Online: 28 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The Health and Retirement Study is sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01 AG009740) and is conducted by the University of Michigan (IRB Protocol: HUM00061128 approved through 10/18/2018). Ethical approval for all the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing waves was granted from NHS Research Ethics Committees under the National Research and Ethics Service (NRES): wave 2 and wave 3 received ethical approval from the London Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee on 12th August 2004 (MREC/04/2/006) and 27th October 2005 (05/MRE02/63); wave 4 received ethical approval from the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery & Institute of Neurology Joint Research Ethics Committee on 12th October 2007 (07/H0716/48); wave 5 received ethical approval from the Berkshire Research Ethics Committee on 21st December 2009 (09/H0505/124); wave 6 and wave 7 received ethical approval from the NRES Committee South Central—Berkshire on 28th November 2012 (11/SC/0374) and 28th November 2013 (13/SC/0532); wave 8, wave 9 and wave 10 received ethical approval from the South Central – Berkshire Research Ethics Committee on 23rd September 2015 (15/SC/0526), 10th May 2018 (17/SC/0588) and 22nd May 2023 (23/SC/0112). All participants provided written consent.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.