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Article History

Received: 22 August 2025

Accepted: 24 December 2025

First Online: 29 January 2026

Declarations

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: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: M.S. declares the following potential conflicts of interest in the past five years (2021-2025). Academic roles: Member of the Board of Directors, Society of Light, Rhythms and Circadian Health (SLRCH); Chair of Joint Technical Committee 20 (JTC20) of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE); Member of the Daylight Academy; Chair of Research Data Alliance Working Group Optical Radiation and Visual Experience Data. Remunerated roles: Speaker of the Steering Committee of the Daylight Academy; Ad-hoc reviewer for the Health and Digital Executive Agency of the European Commission; Ad-hoc reviewer for the Swedish Research Council; Associate Editor for LEUKOS, journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society; Examiner, University of Manchester; Examiner, Flinders University; Examiner, University of Southern Norway. Funding: Received research funding and support from the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Foundation, Max Planck Innovation, Technical University of Munich, Wellcome Trust, National Research Foundation Singapore, European Partnership on Metrology, VELUX Foundation, Bayerisch-Tschechische Hochschulagentur (BTHA), BayFrance (Bayerisch-Französisches Hochschulzentrum), BayFOR (Bayerische Forschungsallianz) and Reality Labs Research. Honoraria for talks: Received honoraria from the ISGlobal, Research Foundation of the City University of New York and the Stadt Ebersberg, Museum Wald und Umwelt. Travel reimbursements: Daimler und Benz Stiftung. Patents: Named on European Patent Application EP23159999.4A ("System and method for corneal-plane physiologically-relevant light logging with an application to personalized light interventions related to health and well-being"). M.S. declares no influence of the disclosed roles or relationships on the work presented herein.J.Z. declares the following potential conflicts of interest in the past five years (2021-2025). Academic roles: Member of Joint Technical Committee 20 (JTC20) of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE); Member of Research Data Alliance Working Group Optical Radiation and Visual Experience Data; Speaker of group 2 (melanopic effects of light) of the Technical Scientific Committee (TWA) of the German Society of Lighting Technology and Design (LiTG) Remunerated roles: Examiner, Swiss Lighting Society; Teacher, LiTG; Teacher, University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Teacher, Technical University of Applied Sciences, Rosenheim. Associated partner, 3lpi lighting design + engineering, Munich. Tool- and 3D-model design, Zumtobel Lighting GmbH; Course design, University of Applied Sciences, Munich & Virtual University Bavaria. Honoraria for talks: Received honoraria from LiTG; Lamilux (Heinrich Strunz GmbH); Robert-Bosch Hospital Stuttgart; Ergotopia GmbH; German statutory accident insurance institution for the administrative sector (VBG); BRIXEN CULTUR, Italy; KITEO GmbH & Co.KG; University of Applied Sciences Augsburg. Travel reimbursements: Daimler und Benz Stiftung. Patents: Together with 3lpi holds a design patent for non-visually optimized luminaire (No 008194021-0001 through -0006) at the European Union Intellectual property office.K.B. declares the following potential conflicts of interest in the past five years (2021-2025). Academic roles: Member of Joint Technical Committee 20 (JTC20) of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE); Member of Joint Technical Committee 14 (JTC14/JWG 4) of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE); Member of the national committee 'Effect of light on human beings' (NA 058–00-27 AA) at the German Institute for Standardization (DIN); Vice-chair of the Indoor Lighting Experts Forum of the German Society of Lighting Technology and Design (LiTG). Remunerated roles: Teacher, LiTG; Teacher, HTW University of Applied Sciences, Berlin. Funding: Received research funding and support from the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA). Honoraria for talks: none. Travel reimbursements: Daimler und Benz Stiftung. Patents: none. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.