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Authors
Zhang, Yutong https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2005-6770
Sun, Lulu
Zhao, Ying https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3775-2480
Zhang, Zhen
Chen, Huiru
Zhao, Mingyue
Miao, Zhigang
Wang, Weiwen
Xu, Xingshun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation of China (82071511)
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Article History
Received: 8 August 2025
Accepted: 6 January 2026
First Online: 11 February 2026
Declarations
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: The Health and Retirement Study (HRS) was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Michigan and the National Institute on Aging (HUM00061128). All participants provided written informed consent at each wave. The HRS was conducted in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of all participating institutions, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants at each site. For the Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses, we used only publicly available summary-level genetic data; therefore, no additional ethical approval was required.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
