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Authors
Kubota, Masashi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6978-6932
Yoshida, Satomi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3411-9427
Goto, Takayuki https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6537-3068
Fukasawa, Toshiki https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7147-0737
Anno, Takayuki https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7490-5820
Fujiwara, Gaku https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2799-9243
Toshiyama, Satoshi https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7719-8679
Inayama, Yoshihide https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2040-5913
Yanai, Takanori https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8558-4950
Sumiyoshi, Takayuki https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5321-6014
Saito, Ryoichi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3163-8723
Kobayashi, Takashi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1069-2816
Kawakami, Koji https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7477-4071
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Article History
Received: 16 June 2025
Accepted: 7 January 2026
First Online: 16 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kyoto University Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine (approval number: R4384-1). Because all data used in this study were anonymized, the requirement for individual informed consent was waived.
: Not applicable. This study used retrospective, anonymized data obtained under data use agreements. No individual-level identifiable data are presented.
: Satomi Yoshida has received a consulting fee from TOYOTA Konpon Research Institute, Inc. Toshiki Fukasawa was previously employed by the Department of Digital Health and Epidemiology at Kyoto University with support from Eisai Co., Ltd. and Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd.; he has received research funds from AstraZeneca K.K. and the Pfizer Health Research Foundation, consulting fees from Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, JMDC Inc., and Real World Data Co., Ltd., and an honorarium from the Research Institute of Healthcare Data Science; and his spouse is employed by MSD K.K. Takanori Yanai received personal fees from Real World Data Co., Ltd. Koji Kawakami receives research funds from AstraZeneca, Eisai Co., Ltd., Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., OMRON Corporation, and Toppan Inc.; consulting fees from Advanced Medical Care Inc., JMDC Inc., Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd., and Ubicom Holdings Inc.; executive compensation from Cancer Intelligence Care Systems, Inc. and Mytreya Inc.; and honoraria from Pharma Business Academy and Co., Ltd and SANSHO Co., Ltd. The other authors declare no conflict of interest.
