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Authors
Li, Zhuangzhuang
Yan, Shaozhen
Zhao, Kun
Wang, Dawei
Yao, Hongxiang
Zhou, Bo
Zhang, Zhifa
Wang, Pan
Liao, Zhengluan
Chen, Yan
Zhang, Xi
Han, Ying
Lu, Jie
Liu, Yong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
BUPT Excellent Ph.D. Students Foundation (No. CX2023117)
Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (No. 7244519)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. T2425027, No.62333002)
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Article History
Received: 17 November 2025
Accepted: 28 January 2026
First Online: 5 February 2026
Declarations
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: The study protocols were approved by the relevant Medical Ethics Committees. The MCAD cohort and the Xuanwu Hospital cohort were registered on ClinicalTrials.gov under the identifiers NCT02353884 and NCT02225964, respectively. All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation. The ADNI was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of all participating centers, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants or authorized representatives according to the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki. Data included from the NACC were collected at multiple Alzheimer’s Disease Research Centers, each of which received approval from its local Institutional Review Board and conducted the study in accordance with internationally accepted ethical standards. The EDSD was approved by the local ethics committees at each participating centre and was conducted in accordance with internationally accepted ethical standards for human research.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
