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Authors
Silverio, Sergio A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7177-3471
Brown, Julia R. B. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5643-1561
Bowyer, Vicky https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9174-9129
Sudre, Carole H. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-428X
Horgan, Gillian https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0827-0481
Dasgupta, Tisha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7874-9519
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Duncan, Laura A.
Bick, Debra E.
Boulding, Harriet
Dalrymple, Kathryn
Easter, Abigail
Fox-Rushby, Julia
Khalil, Asma
McGreevy, Alice
Mistry, Hiten D.
Nelson, Eugene C.
Poston, Lucilla
Seed, Paul
Soley-Bori, Marina
Tydeman, Florence
Van Citters, Aricca D.
White, Sara L.
Wolfe, Ingrid
Wang, Yanzhong
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Steves, Claire J.
Antonelli, Michela
Canas, Liane S.
Capdevila Pujol, Joan
Cheetham, Nathan J.
Deng, Jie
Doores, Katie J.
Hammers, Alexander
Harvey, Nicholas R.
Hu, Christina
Kerfoot, Eric
Malim, Michael H.
Modat, Marc
Molteni, Erika
Murray, Benjamin
Österdahl, Marc F.
Ourselin, Sebastien
Spector, Tim D.
Wolf, Jonathan
von Dadelszen, Peter https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4136-3070
Magee, Laura A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1355-610X
Duncan, Emma L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8143-4403
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR134293)
Denise Coates Foundation through the Chronic Disease Research Foundation (CDRF-23/2020)
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Article History
Received: 26 September 2025
Accepted: 2 February 2026
First Online: 24 February 2026
Declarations
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: Recruitment of participants was from the King’s College London-COVID Symptom Study (KCL-CSS)/ZOE app (Research Ethics Committee [REC] reference LRS-19/20–18210) and the COVID Symptom Study Bank (CSSB; REC reference 20/YH/0298, subsequently renewed in 2025: REC reference 25/YH/0160; IRAS project ID: 360228). Participants were provided with detailed study information and provided informed consent by way of an on-line form before they commenced the survey.
: All participants consented to anonymised data being published, during their informed consent on recruitment to CSSB and to this project specifically.
: The RESILIENT Project, from which this study derived, was adopted by the National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration South London (NIHR ARC South London) at King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.
