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Authors
Liu, Yuan
Li, Meijuan
Chen, Chengfeng
Wang, Shiying
Gao, Ying
Jing, Yifan
Zhou, Yan
Xie, Mengxin
Zhang, Changlin
Liu, Zhongchun
Zhang, Bin
Li, Jie
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key R&D Program of China (2024YFC3308400)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62027812)
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Basic Research Cooperation Project (23JCZXJC00230 and J230011)
Tianjin Key Medical Discipline Construction Project (TJYXZDXK-3-015B)
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Article History
Received: 30 July 2025
Accepted: 11 February 2026
First Online: 24 February 2026
Declarations
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: The adolescent cohort study was approved by the Children’s Health Queensland Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC/16/QRCH/270) and the University of Queensland HREC (2016001784), and the independent clinical cohort was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Anding Hospital (2023–21). Written informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians, and assent from participating adolescents, in accordance with local ethical requirements. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
