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Authors
Alhathli, Elham
Cooper-Knock, Johnathan
Girach, Zain-Ul-Abideen
Julian, Thomas H.
Bauer, Claudia
Timmons, Hannah O.
Ward, Billie D.
Walker, Heather
Azzouz, Mimoun
Elrayess, Mohamed A.
Al-Khelaifi, Fatima
Yousri, Noha A.
Gul, Aytac
Kelsall, Alan
Moll, Tobias
Harvey, Calum
Gornall, Sarah
Wong, Kari
Allen, Scott P.
Strange, Andrew
Shaw, Pamela J.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Taif University
Motor Neurone Disease Association (894-791)
Motor Neurone Disease Association (956-799)
Target ALS
UK Research and Innovation (MR/Z504105/1)
Academy of Medical Sciences (SBF005\1064)
Neurocare
My Name'5 Doddie Foundation (DOD/14/43)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0617-10077)
NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR 203321)
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Article History
Received: 8 October 2025
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 6 March 2026
Declarations
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: Metabolic profiling of biofluids: Metabolic profiling of biofluids donated by ALS patients and controls as part of the AMBRoSIA project was approved by an NHS Research Ethics Committee ( 16/LO/2136 ). Also, this study followed study protocols approved by Medical Ethical Committees for each of the participating institutions. Written informed consent was obtained from all participating individuals. In vitro study of human astrocytes: Ethical approval informed consent was obtained from all human subjects before skin sample collection (Study number STH16573 and STH16350, Research Ethics Committee reference 12/YH/0330). Fibroblasts obtained via Cedars-Sinai are covered by an MTA. All methods were performed in accordance with relevant national and international guidelines and regulations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
