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Article History

Received: 24 August 2025

Accepted: 16 February 2026

First Online: 17 March 2026

Declarations

:

: All studies were conducted with the explicit approval of relevant review boards. For animal studies conducted at CWRU, approval from the IACUC was obtained under protocols 2015-0160, 2016-0067, and 2016-0307 with relevant amendments approved as studies evolved. For the generation of the KKOS cell line, case 3Y15 had samples collected per CWRU Institutional Research Board (IRB) approved protocol 08-15-14C. For human tissue collected at the Cleveland Clinic and the establishment of the PDX cell line tested, tissue samples were collected from consented osteosarcoma patients according to the IRB approved protocol (IRB 15-1580) at the Cleveland Clinic, and for PDX establishment, approval from the IACUC at the Cleveland Clinic (IACUC 3142) was obtained. Written informed consent from the relevant parties was obtained prior to any sample being collected and utilized as stated in the approved institutional IRBs.

: Not applicable.

: RP is a scientific advisory board member of Luminary Therapeutics