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Authors
Zhou, Yaguan
Htun, Htet Lin
Kivimäki, Mika
Liao, Zhengluan
Xu, Xiaolin
Guo, Yi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust (221854/Z/20/Z)
Medical Research Council (MR/Y014154/1)
Research Council of Finland (350426)
Natural Science Foundation of China (72474197)
Hundred Talents Program Research Initiation Fund from Zhejiang University
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
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Article History
Received: 22 October 2025
Accepted: 26 February 2026
First Online: 6 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study is a secondary analysis based on publicly available datasets; thus, additional ethical review and approval were not required. All studies were approved by institutional review boards, and the respondents provided written informed consent. The HRS was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the University of Michigan (NIA U01AG009740). The SHARE was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the University of Mannheim. The ELSA was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of London Multi-Centre Research (MREC/01/2/91, MREC/04/2/006, 05/MRE02/63) and the South Central—Berkshire Research Ethics Committee (09/H0505/124, 11/SC/0374, 13/SC/0532, 15/SC/0526, 17/SC/0588). The CHARLS was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
