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Authors
Zhou, Ziyi
Chen, Qiaosen
Li, Zhi
Zhang, Shi
Parra-Soto, Solange
Wang, Anqi
Du, Mengxi
Xu, Xinwen
Fang, Zhe
Lu, Yujia
Zhao, Yu Chen
Strawbridge, Rona J.
Ip, Patrick
Satter, Naveed
Timpson, Nicholas J.
Song, Mingyang
Celis-Morales, Carlos
Gunter, Marc J.
Pell, Jill P.
Giovannucci, Edward
Ho, Frederick K.
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Article History
Received: 24 September 2025
Accepted: 26 February 2026
First Online: 16 April 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) was obtained from the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee and the relevant Local/UK Research Ethics Committees, including approvals for the 7-year clinic (United Bristol Healthcare Trust E4168; Southmead Health Services 67/98; Frenchay Healthcare Trust 98/52), 11-year clinic (Southmead/North Bristol Trust 137/02; United Bristol Healthcare Trust E5691; Frenchay/North Bristol Trust 2002/110; Weston Area Health Trust E325(R)–137/02), and 24-year clinic (NRES Committee South West – Frenchay 14/SW/1173). This research was conducted using ALSPAC data under Application Number B3876. Written informed consent was obtained from participants (and from parents/guardians for participants who were minors at the time of data collection), with assent where appropriate. Full details of the ALSPAC consent procedures are available on the study website ( ) [ ].
: Not applicable. The study used anonymized/de-identified data, and publication is covered under the study’s ethical approvals and informed consent procedures.
: NS has received research grant from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis and Roche Diagnostics; personal fees from Abbott Laboratories, Afimmune, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Hanmi Pharmaceuticals, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Roche Diagnostics, Janssen; consulting fees from Amgen and Sanofi.
