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Authors
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Mouhanna, Farah
Kahn, Ethan
Schmidt, Chris A.
McHugh, Theresa A.
Baumann, Mathew M.
Kelly, Yekaterina O.
La Motte-Kerr, Wichada
Cogen, Rebecca M.
Dai, Xiaochen
Gakidou, Emmanuela
Montalvo-Clavijo, César
Li, Zhuochen
Celone, Michael
DeCleene, Nicole
Tamura, Kosuke
Choi, Kelvin
Camargo, Juliana Teruel
Hinerman, Amanda S.
Alvarez, Christian S.
Mensah, George A.
Pérez-Stable, Eliseo J.
Murray, Christopher J. L.
Mokdad, Ali H.
Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (75N94023C00004)
National Institutes of Health (75N94019C00016)
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Article History
Received: 28 July 2025
Accepted: 10 March 2026
First Online: 18 March 2026
Declarations
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: Institutional review board approval was obtained from the University of Washington. No primary data were collected for this study, and we had no contact with human participants. The NHANES protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the National Center for Health Statistics ( ). All NHANES participants provided written informed consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
