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Authors
Zeng, Yingchao
Huang, Simu
Lu, Peiyi
Luo, Liying
Lu, Haidong
Yu, Xuexin
Ma, Chenjin
Huang, Yi
Kobayashi, Lindsay C.
Guo, Luyang
Li, Chihua
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Centre for Pharmaceutical Regulatory Sciences, University of Macau (SRG2024/00039/ICMS and UMDF-TISF/2025/011/ICMS)
the Centre for Pharmaceutical Regulatory Sciences, University of Macau (005/2023/SKL and SRG2024/00039/ICMS)
the Faculty of Education, University of Macau (SRG2024-00061-FED)
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Article History
Received: 28 November 2025
Accepted: 16 March 2026
First Online: 2 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study is a secondary analysis based on publicly available datasets, which is exempted from Institutional Review Board. All studies were approved by Institutional Review Boards and the respondents provided written informed consent. The HRS was approved by the Institute for Social Research and Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan (NIA U01AG009740). The ELSA was approved by the South Central—Berkshire Research Ethics Committee (09/H0505/124; 11/SC/0374; 13/SC/0532; 15/SC/0526; 17/SC/0588). The SHARE was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Mannheim and the Ethics Council of the Max Planck Society. The KLoSA was approved by the National Statistical Office (approval number: 33602). The MHAS is partly sponsored by the National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging (NIH R01AG018016) in the USA and the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) in Mexico. The CHARLS was approved by the Ethical Review Committee at Peking University (IRB00001052-11015).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
