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Authors
Guan, Maoying
Zhao, Wencheng
Zhang, Wengang
Chen, Xuyang
Huang, Runze
Liu, Xinyue
Li, Yujie
Wang, Hao
Zhao, Lishu
Xu, Kandi
Ye, Li
Chen, Zhimin
Liu, Yujin
Zhang, Qianqian
Ji, Hongbin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0891-6390
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Municipal Health Commission Scientific Research Project (20244Y0111)
a grant of National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFF0705300)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52272281)
Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2021SHZDZX0100)
the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Shanghai Municipal Health Commission Health Industry Clinical Research Project, Clinical Research Project of Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital (FKLY20010)
Young Talents in Shanghai (2019 QNBJ)
2021 Science and Technology Think Tank Youth Talent Plan of China Association for Science and Technology, National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFF1201200)
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Article History
Received: 16 December 2025
Accepted: 25 March 2026
First Online: 6 April 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. It was approved by the IRB of Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital (approval number: FKYY2020-10; Chairperson: Lei Zhang) on June 25, 2021. All participants gave their written informed consent prior to study inclusion. The ethics committee waived additional requirements beyond the standard approval and informed consent procedures.
: This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos). Therefore, consent for publication was not required. All reasonable measures have been taken to ensure patient anonymity.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
