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Article History

Received: 29 November 2025

Accepted: 30 March 2026

First Online: 13 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This retrospective study is exempt from informed consent. The data reviewed is a secondary analysis of existing data, does not involve intervention or interaction with human subjects, and is de-identified per the de-identification standard defined in Section §164.514(a) of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. The process by which the data is de-identified is attested to through a formal determination by a qualified expert as defined in Section §164.514(b)(1) of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. This formal determination by a qualified expert refreshed on December 2020.

: All authors and contributing third parties (TriNetX) consent to publication.

: DJC has received investigator-initiated grants from Astra Zeneca and Novo Nordisk, support for education from Perspectum and financial remuneration for consultancy work from pharmaceutical company consultation (Madrigal, Roche) with all payments made to the University of Liverpool. He also serves as the Topic Advisor for Type 2 Diabetes medications for The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), UK. UA has received honoraria from Procter & Gamble, Viatris, Grunenthal and Sanofi for educational meetings and funding for attendance to an educational meeting from Diiachi Sankyo. UA has also received investigator-led funding by Procter & Gamble and is a council member of the Royal Society of Medicine’s Vascular, Lipid & Metabolic Medicine Section. All other authors (AEH and MH) declare that there are no financial relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their contribution to this manuscript.