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Authors
Magnúsdóttir, Ingibjörg
Nygaard, Anders B.
Hoffart, Asle
Murphy, Gillian
Kõiv, Kadri
Barker, Mary M.
Lovik, Anikó
Unnarsdóttir, Anna Bára
Kähler, Anna K.
Hauksdóttir, Arna
Thordardottir, Edda Bjork
Eyþórsson, Elías
Gísladóttir, Elísabet U.
Joyce, Emily E.
Frans, Emma M.
Tómasson, Gunnar
Hjördísar Jónsdóttir, Harpa Lind
Rúnarsdóttir, Harpa
Harðardóttir, Hrönn
Dahl, John Arne
Jakobsdóttir, Jóhanna
Kalleberg, Karl Trygve
Ásbjörnsdóttir, Kristjana Hrönn
Ellingjord-Dale, Merete
Istre, Mette S.
Landrø, Nils Inge
Shen, Qing
Bø, Ragnhild
Mägi, Reedik
Pálsson, Runólfur
Brunvoll, Sonja Hjellegjerde
Johnson, Sverre Urnes
Søraas, Arne
Fang, Fang
Lehto, Kelli
Ebrahimi, Omid V.
Aspelund, Thor
Valdimarsdóttir, Unnur Anna
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Forskningsrådet för hälsa, arbetsliv och välfärd (2022-00597)
Eesti Teadusagentuur (PSG615)
Estonian Centre of Excellence for Well-Being Sciences
NordForsk (138929)
Horizon 2020 (847776)
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Article History
Received: 6 July 2025
Accepted: 2 April 2026
First Online: 11 April 2026
Declarations
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: All participants provided written or electronic informed consent. All cohorts had ethical approvals from respective national or regional ethics committees.EstBB-C19 (Estonia)—The activities of the EstBB are regulated by the Human Genes Research Act, which was adopted in 2000 specifically for the operations of the EstBB. Individual level data analysis in the EstBB was carried out under ethical approval [1.1–12/1277 and 1.1–12/212 25.01.2024.) from the Estonian Committee on Bioethics and Human Research (Estonian Ministry of Social Affairs), using data according to release application [P09-23/07/2021] from the Estonian Biobank.C19-Resilience (Iceland)—National Bioethics Committee (NBC 20–073, 21–071) as well as the National Data Protection AuthorityMAP-19 (Norway)—Norwegian Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics, reference number: 125510NCC (Norway)—Norwegian Regional Committee for Research Ethics, reference number: REK 124170Omtanke2020 (Sweden)—Swedish Ethical Review Authority (DNR 2020–01785, DNR 2021–02835)
: Not applicable.
: FF has received grants to their institution from NordForsk, Horizon2020, and Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare for the current study. EF received speaker payment from AstraZeneca not related to the present research. AL received a small project grant from KI Research Foundations and the Fredrik and Ingrid Thuring Foundation paid to their institution not related to the present study.
