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Authors
Alex, Ann M.
Rasmussen, Jerod M.
Tuulari, Jetro J.
Sigurdardottir, Julie Nihouarn
Buss, Claudia
Donald, Kirsten A.
Edwards, A. David
Entringer, Sonja
Gilmore, John H.
Groenewold, Nynke A.
Karlsson, Hasse
Karlsson, Linnea
Lawrence, Katherine E.
Mattila, Inka
Stein, Dan J.
Styner, Martin
Thompson, Paul M.
Wadhwa, Pathik D.
Zar, Heather J.
Zhu, Xi
de los Campos, Gustavo
Knickmeyer, Rebecca C.
Luo, Shan
,
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (R00 HD100593)
National Institutes of Health (R01 MH091351)
National Institutes of Health (MH070890)
National Institutes of Health (K01MH135160)
National Institutes of Health (P50 HD103573)
National Institutes of Health (No. U54 EB020403)
National Institutes of Health (R01HD060628)
National Institutes of Health (R21 MH104330)
Signe ja Ane Gyllenbergin Säätiö
Sigrid Juséliuksen Säätiö,Finland
Emil Aaltosen Säätiö
Suomen Lääketieteen Säätiö
Varsinais-Suomen Sairaanhoitopiiri
State Grants for Clinical Research
Academy of Medical Sciences (NAF002/1001)
Newton Fund (R21AA023887)
Collaborative Initiative on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (U24 AA014811)
Brain and Behavior Research Foundation,United States (24467)
Carnegie Corporation of New York
South African Medical Research Council
Finnish State Grants for Clinical Research
Research Council of Finland (#134950)
Research Council of Finland ((#325292)
Jane ja Aatos Erkon Säätiö
Brain and Behavior Research Foundation
National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression (#1956)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP 1017641)
Medical Research Council South Africa
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH123716)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK137899)
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Article History
Received: 15 April 2025
Accepted: 7 April 2026
First Online: 16 April 2026
Declarations
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: Approval was obtained from respective local ethical review boards and informed consent from parents/legal guardians were obtained before data collection. The reviewing organizations include Michigan State University (STUDY00010909), University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Human Research Ethics Committee (full cohort: 401/2009; MRI sub-study: 525/2012), South Africa, the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (14–0932 and 02–1057), the University of California, Irvine (#2009–7251), UK Health Research Authority (14/LO/1169), and Ethics Committee of the Hospital District of Southwest Finland (ETMK:31/180/2011).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
