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Authors
Beydoun, May A.
Noren Hooten, Nicole https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1683-3838
Beydoun, Hind A.
Georgescu, Michael F.
Tsai, Jack
Evans, Michele K.
Zonderman, Alan B.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute on Aging
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Article History
Received: 1 September 2025
Accepted: 8 April 2026
First Online: 15 April 2026
Declarations
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: NHANES protocols were approved by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Research Ethics Review Board (Protocol #98–12 for 1999–2000 and Protocol #2001–06 for 2001–2002 cycles), and all participants provided written informed consent.The Health and Retirement Study (HRS) was approved by the University of Michigan Institutional Review Board (HUM00061128), and all participants provided informed consent.The Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study was approved by the National Institutes of Health Intramural Research Program Institutional Review Board (protocol numbers available upon request), and all participants provided written informed consent.The present study used de-identified, publicly available (NHANES and HRS) and restricted-access (HANDLS) secondary data and was therefore exempt from additional institutional review board approval.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
