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Authors
Li, Qian https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7119-5143
Li, Qian https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5679-7158
Yin, Zhouxin
Zhen, Shihan
Xiao, Zhiyi
Xu, Huaiyue
Liang, Fengchao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82422066)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82574049)
the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (2023A1515011206)
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Article History
Received: 16 October 2025
Accepted: 13 April 2026
First Online: 21 April 2026
Declarations
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: Data from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) employed in this study were acquired in adherence to established national and international ethical norms. Ethical endorsement was issued by ICF International and the Institutional Review Board of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Throughout the data collection phase, written informed consent was secured from all study participants. In accordance with standard DHS ethical guidelines, parental or legal guardian consent was obtained for participants under 18 years old, with additional assent solicited from the minor subjects themselves. Ethical guidelines were strictly followed to ensure participant privacy and confidentiality, with minimal risk involved. Additional information regarding the DHS data and ethical standards is available at . The research proposal was submitted to the Southern University of Science and Technology Institutional Review Board, and the research was approved with the ethical approval number 20260003.
: All authors agreed and approved the publication of the current manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
