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Authors
Chen, Zhihe
Yang, Qian
Liu, Jiajia
Zhao, Huiling
Ying, Hui
Liu, Haoyu
Huang, Lanhui
Lin, Hong
Wang, Shuangyuan
Li, Mian
Sun, Yangbo
Wang, Tiange
Zhao, Zhiyun
Xu, Min
Chen, Yuhong
Xu, Yu
Lu, Jieli
Ning, Guang
Gu, Yanyun
Wang, Weiqing
Li, Jing
Bi, Yufang
Zheng, Jie
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32500519)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82088102, 81970691, 81970728, 81930021 and 81941017)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32570728)
Shanghai Municipal Education Commission–Gaofeng Clinical Medicine Grant Support (20161307 and 20152508 Round 2)
Lingang laboratory (LGL-2616-01)
Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project (2024ZD0531500, 2024ZD0531502, 2024ZD0531506)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFC2505203)
Shanghai ZhangJiang Talent Programe (RC20240007)
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Article History
Received: 20 October 2025
Accepted: 15 April 2026
First Online: 26 May 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted under UK Biobank application number 104086, which has ethical approval from the UK National Health Service’s National Research Ethics Service (reference 11/NW/0382).
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: All authors have read and understood the journal’s policy on disclosing conflicts of interest, and declare that they have none to report, except for the following: Jie Zheng and Yangbo Sun are current editorial board members of BMC Medicine. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to declare.
