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Article History

Received: 1 December 2025

Accepted: 12 May 2026

First Online: 21 May 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: ELSA Wave 6 received ethical approval from the NRES Committee South Central - Berkshire on 28th November 2012 (11/SC/0374). ELSA Wave 5 received ethical approval from the Berkshire Research Ethics Committee on 21st December 2009 (09/H0505/124). ELSA Wave 4 received ethical approval from the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery & Institute of Neurology Joint Research Ethics Committee on 12th October 2007 (07/H0716/48). ELSA Wave 3 received ethical approval from the London Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee on 27th October 2005 (05/MRE02/63). ELSA Wave 2 received ethical approval from the London Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee on 12th August 2004 (MREC/04/2/006). ELSA Wave 1 received ethical approval from the London Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee on 7th February 2002 (MREC/01/2/91). CFAS II was approved by the Cambridgeshire 4 Research Ethics Committee (reference 07/MRE05/48). The Newcastle 85+ study was approved by the Newcastle and North Tyneside 1 Research Ethics Committee (reference number 06/Q0905/2).

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests.