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Authors
Gerber, Felix
Gupta, Ravi
Sanchez-Samaniego, Giuliana
Lejone, Thabo Ishmael
Tahirsylaj, Thesar
Raeber, Fabian
Saavedra, Elis Belen
Esquivel-Valdés, Iliana
Chitja, Mamakhala
Molulela, Manthabiseng
Khomolishoele, Makhebe
Mota, Mota
Bane, Matumaole
Masike, Sesale
Sematle, Mamorontsáne Pauline
Mofokeng, Manthati
Makabateng, Retselisitsoe
Mphunyane, Madavida
Sao, Lebohang
Tlahali, Mosa
Litaba, Malitaba
Basler, Dave Brian
Kindler, Kevin
Ayakaka, Irene
Grimm, Pauline
Seelig, Eleonora
Chammartin, Frédérique
Labhardt, Niklaus Daniel
Amstutz, Alain
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (323530_207035)
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (P500PM_221961)
World Diabetes Foundation (WDF-1778)
Direktion für Entwicklung und Zusammenarbeit (7F-10345.01.01)
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Article History
Received: 12 January 2026
Accepted: 14 May 2026
First Online: 22 May 2026
Declarations
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: The trial was approved by the National Health Research and Ethics Committee of Lesotho (ID 102–2022). Additionally, the Ethikkomission Nordwest- und Zentralschweiz in Switzerland provided a statement confirming the trial meets all ethical requirements for a Swiss research project (ID AO_2022_00077). Participants for this trial are recruited among the ComBaCaL cohort population, which includes all inhabitants of the randomly selected ComBaCaL villages who gave written informed consent to participate in the ComBaCaL cohort study and to be randomly selected for nested TwiCs [31]. Consent procedures accommodated participants with limited literacy, and consent could be withdrawn at any time. Details on the design and consent procedures of the ComBaCaL cohort and nested trials have been published previously [23, 51].
: Not applicable
: The authors declare no competing interests.
