Li, Yi
Zhang, Yuzhou
Yim, Charlene
Kam, Ka Wai
Ho, Mary
Zhang, Xiu Juan
Ip, Patrick
Ng, Mandy P. H.
Young, Alvin L.
Tham, Clement C.
Pang, Chi Pui
Chen, Li Jia
Yam, Jason C.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Health and Medical Research Fund (HMRF), Hong Kong (10210246)
Health and Medical Research Fund (HMRF), Hong Kong (09202466)
Health and Medical Research Fund (HMRF), Hong Kong (11220206)
General Research Fund (GRF), Research Grants Council, Hong Kong (14102422)
Strategic Impact Enhancement Fund, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (WW/SC/rc/SIEF2324/0366/24vw & TL/JF/rc/SIEF2223/0759/23vw)
CUHK Jockey Club Myopia Prevention Programme
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82425017)
CUHK Jockey Club Children’s Eye Care Programme
Article History
Received: 25 October 2025
Accepted: 27 May 2026
First Online: 5 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The UK Biobank holds ethical approval from the North West Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee. All participants provided informed consent through electronic signature at the baseline assessment. The data used in this study is available in the UK Biobank database under the application number of 91320.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.