Document is current

Article History

Received: 8 December 2025

Accepted: 22 June 2026

First Online: 6 July 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethics approval was obtained from the St Vincent Hospital Human Resource Ethics Committee (HREC) (2023/ETH00860), with site-specific approvals granted by Chris O’Brien Lifehouse and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre. All participants provided consent.

: Not applicable.

: JS1 is an Executive Director of Neurala Biosciences and the connected not-for-profit Psyche Institute, which are both involved with psychedelics research and the development of these agents as registered medicines. He is employed and holds equity with Neurala Biosciences. He is also an advisory board representative for HedoniaUSA, which formulates and sells nutraceutical products. He also has received either presentation honoraria, travel support, clinical trial grants, book royalties, or independent consultancy payments from: Integria Healthcare & MediHerb, Pfizer, Scius Health, Key Pharmaceuticals, Taki Mai, Fiji Kava, Noetic Foundry, FIT-BioCeuticals, Blackmores, Soho-Flordis, Healthworld, HealthEd, HealthMasters, Kantar Consulting, Angelini Pharmaceuticals, Grunbiotics, Polistudium, Global Pharma Group, Australian Natural Therapeutics Group, Research Reviews, Elsevier, Chaminade University, International Society for Affective Disorders, Complementary Medicines Australia, SPRIM, Terry White Chemists, ANS, Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research, Sanofi-Aventis, Omega-3 Centre, the National Health and Medical Research Council, CR Roper Fellowship, Medical Research Futures Fund, CSIRO Australia, Launch Victoria, Genesis Fund, Tin Alley Ventures. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.