Crossmark

A systematic review of ultra-processed food subtypes and risk of type 2 diabetes, combined with a cohort analysis, question the utility of broad food classifications for public health policy

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-026-05028-y

Published Online: 2026-06-26

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Fridén, Michael

Mai, Maria

Olsen, Anja

Dahm, Christina C.

Ibsen, Daniel B.
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-06-26

Accepted Manuscript valid from 2026-06-26
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Article History

Received: 10 November 2025

Accepted: 23 June 2026

First Online: 26 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The Diet, Cancer and Health Cohort was approved by relevant ethics committees and the Danish Data Protection Agency, and had been de-identified prior to use in this study. All participants gave consent to participate in the cohort.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: BMI; Body Mass IndexCI; Confidence IntervalDAG; Directed Acyclic GraphDCH; Danish Diet Cancer and HealthE%; Energy PercentageFFQ; Food Frequency QuestionnaireHR; Hazard RatioPRISMA; Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-AnalysesRR; Relative RiskSD; Standard DeviationT2D; Type 2 DiabetesUPF; Ultra-processed Food

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