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Authors
Mok, Pearl L H
Sawhney, Simon
Blakeman, Tom
Carr, Matthew J
Elliott, Rachel A
Foy, Robbie
Fraser, Simon DS
Kontopantelis, Evangelos
Lewington, Andrew J P
Mahboub-Ahari, Alireza
Roderick, Paul
Selby, Nicholas M
Ashcroft, Darren M
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
NIHR Health and Social Care Delivery Research (NIHR131948)
NIHR Health and Social Care Delivery Research (NIHR131948)
NIHR Health and Social Care Delivery Research (NIHR131948)
NIHR Health and Social Care Delivery Research (NIHR131948)
NIHR Health and Social Care Delivery Research (NIHR131948)
NIHR Health and Social Care Delivery Research (NIHR131948)
NIHR Health and Social Care Delivery Research (NIHR131948)
NIHR Health and Social Care Delivery Research (NIHR131948)
NIHR Health and Social Care Delivery Research (NIHR131948)
NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Research Collaboration
Manchester British Heart Foundation (BHF) Centre for Research Excellence (RE/24/130017)
NIHR HealthTech Research Centre in Emergency and Acute Care (NIHR205301)
Leeds NIHR HealthTech Research Centre in Accelerated Surgical Care
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Article History
Received: 15 January 2026
Accepted: 29 June 2026
First Online: 12 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Approval for this study was granted by the CPRD’s Research Data Governance Process (protocol 22_001760) . All patient data were de-identified; thus, the requirement for patient consent was waived. Individual patients can opt out sharing their records with the CPRD.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: All authors declare no financial conflicts of interest. Other declaration of interests: TB - NHS England Think Kidneys Programme Board Member (2014–17); Royal College of General Practitioners’ AKI Clinical Champion (2017–20); NHSE Renal Services Transformation Programme Post‑AKI care Lead (2021–23); Specialist Committee Member for NICE AKI Quality Standard (QS76) (2022–23); Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) AKI Guideline Work Group (2023‑To date). RF - Chair, Implementation Strategy Group, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, UK.
