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Authors
Power, Grace M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5702-7728
Bond, Tom A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9298-6860
Bhatta, Laxmi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8166-1470
Åsvold, Bjørn Olav https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3837-2101
Brumpton, Ben https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3058-1059
Centorame, Giulio https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1939-2721
Hemani, Gibran https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0920-1055
Lawlor, Deborah A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6793-2262
Wang, Geng https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2478-2919
Warrington, Nicole https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4195-775X
Evans, David M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0663-4621
Moen, Gunn-Helen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8768-0904
Davey Smith, George https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1407-8314
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00032/01)
UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00032/05)
UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00032/01)
UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00032/05)
UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00032/01)
Medical Research Council (MRC)/UKRI (MR/N0137941/1)
British Heart Foundation (AA/18/1/34219)
British Heart Foundation (CH/F/20/90003 and AA/18/1/34219)
Liaison Committee for education, research and innovation in Central Norway and the Joint Research Committee between St. Olavs Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU
European Research council (101021566)
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC; Australia) Emerging Leadership Fellowship (APP2008723)
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC; Australia) Emerging Leadership Fellowship (APP2008723)
Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Investigator Grant (APP2017942)
Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Award (DE220101226)
Australian Government and supported by the Research Council of Norway (Project grant: 325640 & Mobility grant: 287198)
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Article History
Received: 17 December 2025
Accepted: 9 July 2026
First Online: 5 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Informed consent was obtained from all participants and ethical approval was obtained from the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics, Central Norway (REK Central application number 2018/2488) (HUNT), the North West Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee (MREC) (ref 11/NW/0382) (UKB), and the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee and the Local Research Ethics Committees (ALSPAC).
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
