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Article History

Received: 14 March 2026

Accepted: 9 July 2026

First Online: 27 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was based on publicly available summary-level GWAS, molecular QTL, metabolomic, single-cell eQTL, phenome-wide association, and structural annotation resources, together with approved access to individual-level UK Biobank data. The UK Biobank study received ethical approval from the North West Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee, and all participants provided written informed consent. Individual-level UK Biobank data, including UKB-PPP proteomic data, were accessed under UK Biobank Application ID 98273. The FinnGen study, eQTLGen Consortium, GTEx Project, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, GWAS Catalog contributing studies, Bryois et al. brain cell-type-specific eQTL study, SingleBrain resource, and UK Biobank SAIGE phenome-wide association analyses were approved by their respective institutional review boards or ethics committees, with informed consent obtained from participants in the original studies where applicable. This study involved secondary analysis of de-identified data and required no additional ethics approval.

Consent for publication: All the authors agree with the publication of this study. All authors had the opportunity to review, offer feedback on, and approve the final manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.