Document is current

Article History

Received: 10 March 2026

Accepted: 19 July 2026

First Online: 4 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and the Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines. For the primary cohort, the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the University of Foggia, Italy (REC 47/2023). For the secondary cohort, the study protocol was approved by the IRB of each participating center, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to inclusion.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: VC has served as a consultant/advisory board member for Johnson&Johnson, Astellas, Merck, AstraZeneca, Amgen, EISAI, Recordati, Novartis, Ipsen and Bayer and has received speaker honoraria or travel support from Astellas, Johnson&Johnson, Ipsen, Bayer, Gilead, Accord, Novartis, GSK and BristolMyers Squibb. GG reports advisory board fees from AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Viatris, Celgene, Bayer, Amgen, AAA; consulting fees from Servier, AstraZeneca, Seagen, Novartis, Amgen, Celgene, IPSEN, Sanofi-Aventis, Eisai; travel expenses and support for congress attendance from AstraZeneca, Servier, AAA, Novartis, IPSEN, Celgene, LeoPharma, Sanofi-Aventis, and Bayer.NB received speaker honoraria or travel support from Johnson&Johnson, Ipsen, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Gentili Oncology, and Advanced Accelerator Applications outside the submitted work.CL received honoraria for consulting (advisory board) or as a speaker from Bristol Myers Squibb, Ipsen, MSD and Eisai and travel support from MSD, Merck and Johnson and Johnson.VEC served as advisory board for Ipsen, EISAI and Seagen.PR served as an advisory board for MSD, AstraZeneca, Johnson&Johnson and Recordati. ET board/speaker MSD, Bristol, Az, Daichii, Servier, Takeda, Deciphera, Amgen, Merck Serono.ML has served as a consultant/advisory board member for Amgen, Novartis, AstraZeneca and has received speaker honoraria or travel support from Amgen, Novartis, Takeda, Jansen, Italfarmaco.No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed by the other authors.