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Authors
Grosvenor, Luke P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8643-5894
Anderson, Meredith
Qian, Yinge
Alexeeff, Stacey E.
Ames, Jennifer L.
Ashwood, Paul
Ridout, Kathryn K.
Yolken, Robert
Van de Water, Judith
Croen, Lisa A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD095128)
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Article History
Received: 23 December 2025
Accepted: 20 July 2026
First Online: 29 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The Kaiser Permanente Northern California Institutional Review Board (FWA# 00002344; IRB# 00001045) deemed this study ethical and approved all study procedures, and participants provided electronic informed consent prior to participation (Project approval number: 1674365).
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
