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Authors
Lucinde, Ruth K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6926-8556
Jobe, Modou
Perkins, Alexander D.
Awori, Juliet O.
Karia, Boniface
Jobarteh, Lamin
Oyando, Robinson
Kalu, Catherine
Sanneh, Sampa
Mwagwabi, Clement
Saru, Elminah
Brazeal, Aurelia
Kinyanjui, Samson
Peck, Robert N.
Leon, David A.
Prentice, Andrew M.
Tsofa, Benjamin
Shah, Anoop S.V.
Perel, Pablo
Etyang, Anthony O.
,
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR 134544)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR 134544)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR 134544)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR 134544)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR 134544)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR 134544)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR 134544)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR 134544)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR 134544)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR 134544)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR 134544)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR 134544)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR 134544)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR 134544)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR 134544)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR 134544)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR 134544)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR 134544)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR 134544)
Science for Africa Foundation (DEL-22-012)
Science for Africa Foundation (DEL-22-012)
Wellcome Trust (22713/Z/23/Z)
Wellcome Trust (22713/Z/23/Z)
Wellcome Trust (22713/Z/23/Z)
Wellcome Trust (22713/Z/23/Z)
Wellcome Trust (22713/Z/23/Z)
Wellcome Trust (22713/Z/23/Z)
Wellcome Trust (22713/Z/23/Z)
Wellcome Trust (22713/Z/23/Z)
Wellcome Trust (22713/Z/23/Z)
Wellcome Trust (22713/Z/23/Z)
Wellcome Trust (22713/Z/23/Z)
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Article History
Received: 6 January 2026
Accepted: 26 August 2026
First Online: 3 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study received approval from ethics committees at the KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme (SERU 4620), The Gambia Government/MRCG Joint Ethics Committee (LEO 28276) and the Research and Ethics Committee of London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LEO 28276). All participants provided written informed consent.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
