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Article History

Received: 2 February 2026

Accepted: 3 September 2026

First Online: 10 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for the ATS was granted originally by the UCL Ethics Committee (ID 0498/001). Participants provide informed consent to take part in the study, and all methods are carried out in accordance with relevant regulations. The data are not collected by UCL and are anonymised when received by UCL. All participants provided verbal consent which was recorded on computers by trained interviewers.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: MO and JB received funding from Alcohol Change UK (ACUK) for an unrelated research project on alcohol-free and low-alcohol drinks that began in January 2025. Since beginning that project, the authors have become aware that ACUK received <0.6% of its funds in 2024-5 from Lucky Saint, an organisation that produces and sells non-alcoholic drinks, and owns a pub that sells standard alcoholic drinks. In March 2025, Lucky Saint became an associate member of The Portman Group, a self-regulatory organisation that is fully funded and controlled by the alcohol industry. All other authors declare no financial links with the alcohol industry or their representatives.