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Authors
Köberlein-Neu, Juliane https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3451-7847
Dymek, Nicola Gabriela https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3594-2617
Zimmer, Viola https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0580-2463
Bommhardt, Trutz https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1748-1073
Stirner, Anna Katharina https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0429-9112
Güldenring, Isabella https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0476-2814
Ohnhäuser, Tim
Wiesen, Daniel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4627-1730
Dresbach, Till https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7074-7933
Scholten, Nadine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7793-7745
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
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Article History
Received: 4 March 2026
Accepted: 4 September 2026
First Online: 11 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study has received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne (No. 21–1506), the Ethics Committee of the University of Wuppertal (No. 211007) and the local ethics committees of the participating NICUs (without ID). Mothers and NICU staff were given information regarding the study and the data collection, were informed about the voluntary nature, confidentiality, and the possibility of withdrawing at any point. Written consent was obtained from all participants (mothers and NICU staff) before data collection via surveys and qualitative methods. Primary outcome data were extracted from routine medical records under ethics approval, which waived individual consent for anonymized clinical data.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
