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Authors
Wang, Heng
Zhang, Yining
Zhang, Yaqi
Pei, Yang
Zhang, Moluan
Li, Jun
Sonoda, Koh-Hei
Jiao, Jinghua
Cheng, Chingyu
Liu, Lei
Zhang, Han
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82003882)
Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program (XLYC2203192)
GDPH Supporting Fund for Talent Program (KY0120220263)
Liaoning Science and Technology Project (2024JH2/102600317, H.Z.)
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Article History
Received: 18 March 2026
Accepted: 7 September 2026
First Online: 14 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval: CHARLS was approved by the Peking University Institutional Review Board (IRB00001052-11015; biomarker collection: IRB00001052-11014); HRS by the University of Michigan Health Sciences and Behavioral Sciences Institutional Review Board (HUM00061128); and MHAS by the University of Texas Medical Branch Institutional Review Board (Protocol #11–061). ELSA received wave-specific approvals from UK Research Ethics Committees ( ). SHARE received central ethical approvals from the University of Mannheim Ethics Committee (Waves 1–4) and the Ethics Council of the Max Planck Society for subsequent waves, with national approvals obtained where required ( ). LASI was approved by the Indian Council of Medical Research and its collaborating institutional review boardsc (Ref. 2202–16741/F1). Full ethical approval and consent information is provided in Additional file 1: Table . No additional ethical approval was required for this secondary analysis of de-identified data.
Consent to participate: Written or electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants by the respective original cohort studies. The present study involved a secondary analysis of de-identified data and did not require additional participant consent.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
