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Article History

Received: 22 August 2017

Accepted: 24 July 2018

First Online: 1 August 2018

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: Collection of blood from horses was performed by qualified veterinarians following proper physical restraint of animals to ensure both personnel and animal safety. Animal owners were explained the study purposes before procedures and upon agreeing to participate, they provided a written consent prior to study procedures and blood collection from their animals. The study received ethical clearance from the Research Board of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan. The risk factor information was obtained from the animal owners through the structured questionnaire form, which permitted the use of the blood samples for diagnostic and research purposes.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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