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Article History

Received: 14 September 2022

Accepted: 14 November 2023

First Online: 28 November 2023

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was obtained from Wollo University’s ethical clearance committee following a review dated March 12, 2021, with a reference number of WU/CMHS13/105/2021. Written informed consent was sought from purposively selected dairy farm owners willing to be included in the questionnaire study and to allow their animals for the observational study before any procedure is performed. The study was carried out in the existing dairy farm setting and the researchers don’t handle the calves but rather observe and record data. All methods were carried out following relevant guidelines and regulations.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests