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Article History

Received: 3 September 2024

Accepted: 3 January 2025

First Online: 16 January 2025

Declarations

:

: Since the birds were already brought to veterinary clinics for diagnosis and treatment, ethical approval was not required. Informed consent from the bird owners was obtained prior to sample collection.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: One limitation of this study is the use of a non-probability sampling technique, which may affect the generalizability of the findings. As such, the results should be interpreted with caution and should not be directly compared to those from studies employing probability-based sampling methods, such as cross-sectional studies. The non-random nature of the sample limits the ability to make broad inferences about the population as a whole.