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Article History

Received: 14 September 2024

Accepted: 2 April 2025

First Online: 30 April 2025

Declarations

:

: Prior to data collection, informed written consent was obtained from farmers. For those who were illiterate, consent was given via a thumbprint. The data collection was performed in collaboration with the district veterinary office, and veterinary assistants or livestock officers were present at all study sites. At the Chibolya and Kasumbalesa markets, market officials were briefed about the study scope and asked for oral consent to collect samples. Additionally, oral informed consent was obtained from each participating trader. Participant anonymity and confidentiality were strictly maintained by collecting only personal details relevant for the study and ensuring that information pertaining to individual informants remained confidential outside of the research team. Ethical approval for the study, including but not limited to study methodology, informed consent procedure and means to ensure participant anonymity and confidentiality, was obtained from the International Livestock Research Institute Institutional Research Ethics Committee (ILRI-IREC2018-04/1).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.