Document is current

Article History

Received: 28 April 2025

Accepted: 6 August 2025

First Online: 2 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Although this study was retrospective and not based on a prospective experimental design, all methods and analyses were conducted in line with the principles outlined in the ARRIVE guidelines where applicable. This study reviewed the medical records from privately-owned dogs, all receiving care as prescribed by licensed veterinarians. Informed consent for the use of all clinical data was obtained from the respective owners. In Korea, in accordance with the Enforcement Rules of the Bioethics and Safety Act, the research that does not collect or record personal identification and uses existing data or documents on research subjects, can be exempted from deliberation by the institutional review board.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.