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Authors
Getange, Dennis
Mukaratirwa, Samson
Bargul, Joel L.
Khogali, Rua
Ng’iela, John
Kabii, James
Masiga, Daniel K.
Villinger, Jandouwe
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Article History
Received: 12 June 2025
Accepted: 22 August 2025
First Online: 2 October 2025
Declarations
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: The study involving animals was undertaken in strict adherence to the experimental guidelines and procedures approved by the Pwani University Ethics Review Committee (Ref: ERC/EXT/002/2020E) and the National Commission for Science Technology and innovation (NACOSTI) (Ref: NACOSTI/P/24/38943). Oral consent, as most farmers could neither read nor write – to permit written consent, was obtained from all participating livestock owners, who were fully briefed about the study’s objectives, procedures, and its benefits and potential risks. All efforts were made to ensure the animals do not struggle and all other animal welfare concerns were strictly adhered to during sampling.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
