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Authors
Šutalo, S.
Klasen, L.
Tichy, A.
Harms, O.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Freie Universität Berlin
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Article History
Received: 29 May 2025
Accepted: 29 August 2025
First Online: 3 October 2025
Declarations
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: All procedures involving animals were conducted in accordance with institutional and national ethical guidelines. Based on the nature of the study, the Institute for Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior, and Laboratory Animal Science at Freie Universität Berlin confirmed that the study does not constitute an animal experiment under § 7 Abs. 2 Satz 1 of the German Animal Protection Act. Written informed consent was obtained from all dog owners prior to participation.
: All dog owners provided consent for their dogs’ data to be used for scientific purposes.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
