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Authors
Soghyani, Delara https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3748-5996
Arfaee, Farnoosh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0022-5977
Molazem, Mohammad https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4038-4849
Soflaei, Reihaneh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0733-4022
Abdous, Arman https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7441-7413
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Article History
Received: 5 June 2025
Accepted: 18 September 2025
First Online: 14 October 2025
Declarations
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: All procedures involving animals were performed in accordance with institutional ethical standards and the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran (Approval No: IAU-SRB-EC-2023-012). Informed written consent was obtained from all dog owners prior to their participation in the study.
: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including images or videos).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
