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Article History

Received: 30 July 2025

Accepted: 9 October 2025

First Online: 15 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved and conducted following the regulations and guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt (approval number: AN05042021). All protocols follow the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines ( ). The study does not include clinical trials and animal euthanasia. The camel calves used in this study are the offspring of the camel herd in El-Shalateen Research Station, Desert Research Center, El-Shalatein, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt. All animals were released to the camel herd after the end of the experiment.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.