Document is current

Article History

Received: 9 June 2025

Accepted: 6 November 2025

First Online: 5 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was submitted to and approved by the Ethical Review Committee of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (CVMASc-RERC), University of Gondar, Ethiopia (Approval Ref. No.: CVMASc/UOG/RERC/31/01/2024). All procedures involving human participants and animals were conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines and national ethical standards. Informed verbal consent was obtained from all participants, including artificial insemination technicians, dairy farmers, and professionals in animal health and production, prior to participation in interview. The Ethical Review Committee of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (CVMASc-RERC), University of Gondar, Ethiopia, approved the use of verbal consent in cases where literacy was a limitation. Their participation was entirely voluntary, and respondents were informed of their right to decline or withdraw at any stage without consequence. Animal data collection involved only non-invasive procedures related to semen handling, service records, and reproductive performance assessments. All such procedures adhered to the standard ethical guidelines for animal welfare and handling. A copy of the ethical approval letter is submitted as supplementary File 6.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any person’s data in any form.

: The authors declare no competing interests.