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Authors
Ngassa, Doris R.
Lakati, Alice S.
Mirambo, Mariam M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
EDCTP2 (CSA2020E-3139)
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Article History
Received: 15 July 2024
Accepted: 20 November 2025
First Online: 6 January 2026
Declarations
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: The research proposal was submitted to the Tanzania Livestock Research Institute (TALIRI)/Research Ethics and Review Committee for approval. Following a thorough review process, a research clearance certificate (Ref No. TLRI/RCC.23/005) to proceed with data collection was awarded. Farmers gave written consent before sampling their milking cows.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
