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Authors
Tilahun, Habtamu Endale
Efa, Debele Abdeta
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Article History
Received: 24 May 2025
Accepted: 24 November 2025
First Online: 13 December 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for the current study was obtained from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture (Reference number VM/ERC/02/10/162024). Additionally informed consent of participation has been obtained from the farm owners, ensuring that their rights were respected by clearly explaining the purpose of the study and the potential impact on their animals in understandable language. For illiterate farm owners, the informed consent of participation was obtained from their parents or representatives. During the sampling of live chickens, all stringent hygiene, safety, and welfare measures were implemented.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
