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Authors
Ferjan, Petra
Fazarinc, Gregor
Škrlep, Martin
Vrecl, Milka
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (P4-0053)
The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (P4-0053)
The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (P4-0133)
The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (P4-0053)
ERA NET SusAn SuSi (631-10/2015/7; Sustainability in pork production with immunocastration)
ERA NET SusAn SuSi (631-10/2015/7; Sustainability in pork production with immunocastration)
ERA NET SusAn SuSi (631-10/2015/7; Sustainability in pork production with immunocastration)
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Article History
Received: 23 September 2025
Accepted: 15 December 2025
First Online: 3 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors confirm that the study was conducted in accordance with all relevant institutional and EU regulations. Immunocastration with Improvac ® (Zoetis), a licensed veterinary medicinal product approved for use in pigs, is considered a standard husbandry practice rather than a scientific procedure and therefore does not require ethical approval. All tissue samples were collected post-mortem after slaughter, ensuring that no animals were euthanized or subjected to additional procedures for research purposes. Thus, according to Directive 2010/63/EU [ ] and the decision of the Ethical Committee of the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana (decision No. 5-4-2018/5), the study was not subject to ethical protocols. The Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty of the University of Ljubljana, is registered with the Veterinary Administration of the Republic of Slovenia (official registration no. SI-B-07-22-07) and the use of animal by-products for research purposes is authorized (permit no. U34453-1/2024/5).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
