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Article History

Received: 16 October 2025

Accepted: 6 January 2026

First Online: 28 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involved no experimental procedures, administration of chemicals, or interventions that posed any risk to the animals. All data were obtained through routine clinical observations and post-mortem examinations, without causing harm to any live animals. Data collection was conducted in full compliance with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines, including Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Union on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes and the ARRIVE guidelines. All procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran. Before any examination or data collection, informed written consent was obtained from the animal owners, who were fully informed of the study’s purpose and their rights, and whose participation was entirely voluntary. No personal or proprietary identifying information was disclosed. This study fully adheres to the journal’s ethical policy and maintains the highest standards of animal welfare and research integrity.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.